Does Billy receive a fair trial Herman Melville Billy Budd Essay

Does Billy get a reasonable preliminary Herman Melville Billy Budd - Essay Example The result of the preliminary demonstrates how a composite plot, capably bolstered by inventiveness of story strategies, can be made undifferentiated from a lot of secret properties of lawful techniques. The postulation question to be settled in this paper is whether Billy Budd gets an equitable preliminary or not, following the wrongdoing he submits in the wake of being accused of mutinous incitements. Judgment on the destiny of Billy is legitimized in essence by various variables that are instilled in the protagonist’s trademark includes just as in some outer improvements. Minkowitz contends that while Billy epitomizes ‘moral goodness and grace’ and is popular among his associates, the ship’s ace at-arms John Claggart is ‘sinister’ (4). This astounds the perusers for they know who the offender is as indicated by the law. In any case, insignificant comprehension of the lawful nobility neglects to give an exact picture of the author’s goals. Commander Vere, for example, is depicted as an individual of opposing manners. He is stuck between the loftier morals of law, which he should cling to out of his expert obligations, and the clear mercy of celestial equity. He is the main individual who realizes that Billy is both clean-gave and liable (Parker 37) but then, he should convict Billy for his wrongdoing. It is obvious that the execution of Billy Budd emblematically speaks to a ‘justified enmity into a retributive righteousness’ (Melville 78). The inquiry regarding whether Billy Budd gets equity or not is replied by Yannella: †¦Vere prejudges the body of evidence against Billy, utilizes sporadic procedures to convict him, and afterward executes him in a gross unnatural birth cycle of justice†¦Vere’s moderate method of reasoning for hanging Billy, obviously, is that it will quietness and agreeable the mariners, who in any case will take the captain’s inaction as an indication of shortcoming and a reason to revolt (27-8). It is, thusly, very certain that Billy Budd doesn't get

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 5

Imprint was all the while murmuring as he adjusted the backcorner of the house. What was he even doinghere? It was difficult to get into the nursery region fromoutside. He needed to bushwhack through the congested rhododendron brambles and blackberry canesthat formedadense fence surrounding it. What's more, evenwhen he risen up out of a passage of rugged greenleaves, the scene before him didn't immediatelyregister. His energy propped him up for a fewsteps before his cerebrum got up to speed. Hello, pause. There'sa young lady here. A pretty young lady. Anextremelypretty young lady. He could seeher plainly by the back yard light. She had hiplength white-fair hair, the shading that regularly onlypreschoolers have, and it was as fine as a kid's hair,too, whipping around her like pale silk when shemoved. She was smallish. Little bones. Her hands and feet were fragile. She was wearing what resembled an oldfashioned nightshirt and moving to what seemed like a lease to-possess business. There was a battereddock radio on the patio steps. There was likewise a dark little cat that took one glance at Mark and shot away into the shadows. â€Å"Baaad cred-it,nooo cred-it, dooon't wor-ry,weee'll take you†¦.† the radio chattered. The young lady hit the dance floor with her arms over her head-light as thistledown,Mark suspected, gazing in awe. Truly, actu partner that light, thus imagine a scenario in which it was a buzzword. As the business finished and a nation western melody started, she did a spin and saw him. Shestopped, solidified, arms still over her head, wristscrossed. Her eyes got huge and her mouth listed open. She's frightened, Mark thought. Of me. The young lady didn't look elegant now; she was scrambling to seize the dock radio, bumbling with it, shaking it. Attempting to locate an Off switch, Mark figured it out. Her distress was infectious. Before he thought, Mark dropped the pruning shears and dipped in to get the radio from her. He contorted the top dial, stopping the melody. At that point he gazed at the young lady, who gazed backwith wide shiny green eyes. They were both breath ing rapidly, as though they'd quite recently incapacitated a bomb. â€Å"Hey, I detest nation western, too,† Mark said aftera minute, shrugging. He'd never conversed with a young lady along these lines previously. Be that as it may, at that point he'd never had a young lady look terrified of him previously. Thus terrified he envisioned he could see her heartbeating in the light blue veins underneath the translucent skin of her throat. At that point, unexpectedly, she quit looking startled. Shebit her lip and laughed. At that point, despite everything smiling, she squinted what's more, sniffed. â€Å"I forgot,† she stated, spotting at the edge of her eye. â€Å"You don't have similar principles we do.† â€Å"Rules about nation western music?† Mark hazarded. He loved her voice. It was normal, not heavenly. It caused her to appear to be progressively human. â€Å"Rules about any music from outside,† she said. â€Å"And any TV, too.† Outside what? Imprint thought. He stated, â€Å"Uh, hello. I'm Mark Carter.† â€Å"I'm Jade Redfern.† â€Å"You're one of Mrs. Burdock's nieces.† â€Å"Yes. We just came the previous evening. We're going to livehere.† Imprint grunted and murmured, â€Å"You have my condolences.† â€Å"Condolences? Why?† Jade cast a dashing look around the nursery. â€Å"Because living in Briar Creek is simply marginally moreexciting than living in a cemetery.† She gave him a since quite a while ago, interested look. â€Å"You've†¦ lived in a cemetery?† He gaveher along look. â€Å"Uh, really, I just implied it's exhausting here.† â€Å"Oh.† She thought, at that point grinned. â€Å"Well, it's intriguing to us,† she said. â€Å"It's not quite the same as where we come from.† â€Å"And just wheredo you come from?† â€Å"An island. It's kind of close †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She considered. â€Å"The province of Maine. â€Å"‘The province of Maine.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"Does this island have a name?† She gazed at him with wide green eyes. â€Å"Well, I can't tell youthat.† â€Å"Uh-okay.† Was, she ridiculing him? Butthere was in no way like joke or tricky prodding in her face. She looked secretive †¦ and blameless. Possibly she had a psychological issue. The children at Dewitt High School would have a field day with that. They weren't open minded of contrasts. â€Å"Look,† he said suddenly. â€Å"If there's consistently anything I can accomplish for you-you know, on the off chance that you ever get in inconvenience or something-then simply let me know. Okay?† She tilted her head sideways. Her eyelashes really cast shadows in the yard light, however her demeanor wasn't hesitant. It was clear and assessing,and she was looking him over cautiously, as though she required to make sense of him. She took as much time as necessary doingit. At that point she grinned, making little dimples in her cheeks, and Imprint's heart bounced surprisingly. â€Å"Okay,† she said delicately. â€Å"Mark. You're not senseless, despite the fact that you're a kid. You're a hero, aren'tyou?† â€Å"Well. . .†Mark had never been called upon to be a hero, not in the TV sense. He wasn't surehow he'd have the goods on the off chance that he were. â€Å"I, um, trust I 0am.† Jade was taking a gander at him consistently. â€Å"You know, I simply chose. I'm going to like it here.† She smiledagain, what's more, Mark thought that it was difficult to inhale and afterward her demeanor changed. Imprint heard it, as well. A wild slamming in the congested knot of rhododendrons and blackberrybushes at the rear of the nursery. It was a weird,frenzied sound, however Jade's response was messed up. She had solidified, body tense andtrembling, eyes fixed on the underbrush. She looked startled. â€Å"Hey.† Mark talked delicately, at that point contacted hershoulder. â€Å"Hey. It's good. It's presumably one of the goats that got free; goats can hop over any sort of fence.† She was shaking her head. â€Å"Or a deer. At the point when they're loosened up they sound simply like individuals walking.† â€Å"It's not a deer,† she murmured. â€Å"They descend and eat individuals' gardens a. night. You most likely don't have deer meandering aroundwhere you originate from-â€Å" â€Å"I can'tsmellanything,† she said in a sort of murmured moan. â€Å"It's that dumb pen. Everything smells like goat. â€Å" She was unable to smell †¦ ? Imprint did the main thinghe could consider because of an announcement like that. He put his arms around the young lady. â€Å"Everything's okay,† he said delicately. He couldn'thelp however notice that she was cool and warm at the same time, graceful, magnificently alive underneath the nightshirt. â€Å"Why don't I take you inside at this point? You'll be protected there.† â€Å"Leggo,† Jade said carelessly, wriggling. â€Å"I mayhave to fight.† She wriggled out of his arms and confronted the shrubs once more. â€Å"Stay behind me.† OK, so sheis insane. I couldn't care less. I think I love her. He remained adjacent to her. â€Å"Look, I'll battle, as well. What doyou think it is? Bear, coyote †¦ ?†Ã¢â‚¬ My brother.† â€Å"Your . . .† Dismay pooled in Mark. She'd quite recently ventured over the line of worthy wildness. â€Å"Oh.† Another whipping sound from the brambles. It was certainly something significant, not a goat. Imprint was simply thinking about dubiously whether a Roosevelt elk could have meandered down the hundred or so miles from Waldo Lake, when a shout tore through the air. A human shout or, worse,almost human. As it kicked the bucket, there was a cry that was unquestionably inhumanit begun swoon, and afterward out of nowhere sounded shrilland portion. Imprint was staggered. At the point when the drawn-out moan at long last halted, there was a wailing, groaning sound, at that point quiet. Imprint got his breath and swore. â€Å"What in thewhat wasthat?† â€Å"Shh. Keep still.† Jade was in a half-squat, eyes on the shrubberies. â€Å"Jade-Jade, tune in. We must get inside.† Desperate, he circled an arm around her midsection, attempting to get her. She was light, however she streamed like water out of his arms. Like a feline that doesn't need to bepetted. â€Å"Jade, whatever that thing is, we need agun. â€Å"I don't.† She appeared tobe talking through herteeth-at any rate there was something odd about her word usage. She had her back to him and he was unable to see her face, however her hands were ripped at. â€Å"Jade,†Mark said desperately. He was frightened enoughto run, yet he was unable to leave her. He proved unable. A whole lot of nothing fellow would do that. Past the point of no return. The blackberry brambles toward the south trembled. Separated. Something was coming through. Imprint's heart appeared to freeze strong, however then he ended up moving. Pushing Jade generally aside. Remaining before her to confront whatever the thing in obscurity was. Mary-Lynnette kicked her way through the blackberry sticks. Her arms and legs were damaged, and she could feel ready, brilliant dark berries crushing against her. She'd presumably picked an awful spot to get through the support, yet she wasn't pondering that. She'd been contemplating Mark, aboutfinding him as quick as could be expected under the circumstances and escaping from here. 0Just please let him be here, she thought. Leave him alone here and be alright and I'll never request anything else. She battled through the remainder of the sticks into thebackyard-and afterward things happened extremely quick. The first thing she saw was Mark, and she felt a surge of help. At that point a glimmer of shock. Imprint was remaining in front of a young lady, his arms lifted like a ball watch. As though to shield her from Mary-Lynnette. And afterward, so rapidly that Mary-Lynnette could scarcely follow the movement, the young lady was surging at her. What's more, Mary-Lynnette was hurling her arms and Mark was yelling, â€Å"No, that is my sister!† The young lady halted a foot away from Mary-Lynnette.It was the little shiny haired one, obviously. This portion Mary-Lynnette couldsee that she had green eyes and skin so translucent it nearly looked like quartz gem. â€Å"Jade, it's my sister,†.Mark said once more, as though anxiousto get this set up. â€Å"Her na

Research Paper Topics for Childhood Obesity

Research Paper Topics for Childhood ObesityResearch papers are a way to share new information and ideas in a scholarly environment. However, there are some topics that can be challenging for most students. They may also be something that your students are not familiar with.One of the best research paper topics to deal with childhood obesity is the issue of childhood obesity. It is important to explore this topic because the issue of childhood obesity is still very controversial. You will find that many in the medical community to support a prevention strategy, while some others advocate weight loss as the solution.One of the best research paper topics to deal with childhood obesity is the issue of childhood obesity. It is important to explore this topic because the issue of childhood obesity is still very controversial. You will find that many in the medical community to support a prevention strategy, while some others advocate weight loss as the solution. The majority of health prof essionals will encourage parents to encourage physical activity in their children, while other will encourage them to begin a healthy diet.Childhood obesity has been the subject of many studies. There are many ways to measure the problem of childhood obesity. While physical activity is one way to measure it, another way is through food consumption. For instance, if your student is writing a research paper about obesity, you should explore the relationship between eating and physical activity, by looking at the food supply.Food availability in our society is the number one issue. One of the biggest causes of the problem of childhood obesity is that there is an abundance of fast food restaurants and some of the food we have available in grocery stores is of poor quality. In addition, the availability of vending machines in some communities has increased the demand for candy and snack foods, which are sold at a higher price than fresh foods. This has created an overall problem. In an e ffort to get families to eat more vegetables and other nutritious foods, a 'granny tax' is being implemented in some parts of the country, with some local governments also increasing the price of soda, candy, and other food.One of the best research paper topics to deal with childhood obesity is the issue of childhood obesity. It is important to explore this topic because the issue of childhood obesity is still very controversial. You will find that many in the medical community to support a prevention strategy, while some others advocate weight loss as the solution. You will find that many in the medical community would encourage parents to encourage physical activity in their children, while other will encourage them to begin a healthy diet.Obesity is a complex and systemic disease. It has been known for some time that obesity has a genetic component. Of course, there are environmental factors that contribute to obesity, such as excessive television viewing, the amount of sugary be verages consumed, and so on. It is only recently that obesity has been associated with inappropriate eating behaviors and the sedentary lifestyle associated with many schools.In addition, there are many new health problems that are being discovered that result from obesity. The greatest danger to children and young adults is not from infectious diseases, but rather heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Of course, there are also many psychological risks, such as depression, which have been linked to obesity. To make sure that your student is providing a well-rounded research paper on childhood obesity, they should take the time to examine the issue of childhood obesity.

How To Write My Paper For Me

<h1>How To Write My Paper For Me</h1><p>If you need to compose your paper for you however you don't have the foggiest idea how to do it, at that point you have to peruse this article cautiously. You will figure out how to know whether you can and ought to compose your paper for you.</p><p></p><p>If you realize that you can't compose a paper, at that point don't burn through your time attempting to discover how to do it. Since you can't compose a paper, try not to burn through your chance to figure out how to compose a paper. Attempt to learn different things instead.</p><p></p><p>It is likewise significant that you know the significance of paper. The paper that you compose your paper for you is significant on the grounds that it gives your understudy paper reviews a lift. The paper that you compose your paper for you is significant on the grounds that it gives your understudy paper reviews a boost.</p><p>&l t;/p><p>In most secondary schools, you are given a course where you should compose your papers for you. On the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea how to compose a paper for you, at that point you ought not stress as there are loads of courses that will assist you with figuring out how to compose a paper for you. There are additionally numerous acceptable classes that will show you writing.</p><p></p><p>Since you can't compose, you have to discover somebody who can support you. For the most part, there are some acceptable understudies in your school who can assist you with figuring out how to compose a paper for you.</p><p></p><p>If you need to recruit a secondary school's coach, at that point this is a choice that you can consider. Typically, when you employ a guide for you, they will have the option to support you. Consequently, you will have the option to figure out how to compose a paper for you.</p>< p></p><p>In most schools, the educator ordinarily has a great deal of time to compose for you. On the off chance that you can be there to assist the educator with writing his paper for you, you will have the option to do it. Since the instructor typically has a ton of time to compose for you, you can without much of a stretch discover a spot where you can proceed to complete the task that the educator has for you.</p><p></p><p>Sometimes, you will likewise need to compose your paper for you. On the off chance that you can't compose, you won't have the option to complete the task that the educator has for you.</p>

The Importance of Computational Chemistry Research Papers

<h1> The Importance of Computational Chemistry Research Papers </h1> <h2>The Advantages of Computational Chemistry Research Papers </h2> <p>DFT strategies can be exceedingly exact for minimal computational cost. In the absence of exploratory outcomes for approval, utilizing sub-atomic elements recreations together with definite free vitality counts, for example, should fill in as reciprocal techniques to help the enormous ends. Along these lines, countless inexact techniques endeavor to get the perfect exchange off among exactness and computational cost. Electronic structure techniques are utilized in new places. </p> <p>There are heaps of research paper tests promptly accessible on the web. The specialists are set up to help when you make a buy and ensure you get an elegantly composed work. Your exploration will at long last have a stream. Specialists make counts using semi-experimental strategies or atomic mechanics. </p> <p>Presenting an exploration paper is totally different from a discussion or some other introduction. Written falsification will be taken a gander at genuinely. All submitted papers will get the opportunity to be considered for this Special Journal Issue. Getting top notch papers is among the advantages of employing our administrations. </p> <p>Time the executives is basic during your examination as you should satisfy the cutoff times dependably. Interchanges should intrigue a huge general readership. Research proposition is the sort of report that is used to propose the exploration undertaking. </p> <p>The Conference gives the chance to be a meeting patron or exhibitor. Focus on the things on which you've chipped away at. Subjects of unique intrigue will be introduced. </p> <p>Numerous various bits of knowledge about the character of language and language taking in may likewise be gathered from neural language models. Your crowd is just going to like very much made introduction. By investigating an elegantly composed instance of research proposition paper, you will discover that subjects which are too wide can be hard to oversee as you will presumably have unique, and every now and again clashing, thoughts regarding how to handle the issue. You can continue and separation the examination into expressions to check at each perspective acutely. </p> <p>To accomplish such directedness, it's critical to limit your point. Moreover, guarantee the point isn't excessively expansive as it may be hard to cover exhaustively in the reality permitted. It's additionally imperative to choose a point that is fascinating for you. In case you're keen on some particular subject or have enthusiasm to examine it, than most presumably you ought to compose a paper on such point. </p> <p>If you simply have a harsh thought regarding what is required, composing that science broadened article will give you issues. You get your point and paper in time and save time for some different interests. In case you're another analyst, you would prefer to counsel an exploration study timetable layout that has the set your exercises for the whole schedule year, for you to be in a situation to satisfy your cutoff time. An examination course of events layout is a trustworthy asset for any experts and understudies that are at the endeavor of composing an exploration. </p> <p>To start with, computational science is a significant wide topic. The chief body of the paper is made out of sections. It is essential to ensure that your exploration has no counterfeiting and such blunders as they could be utilized to punish you. Verify you express the essential point of your exploration obviously (in the underlying 2 sentences) and cling to the particular arrangement, (for e xample, the apa style paper). </p>

List of Social Problems in Society

<h1>List of Social Problems in Society</h1><p>List of social issues in the public arena is a valuable instrument to assist individuals with understanding the genuine idea of our general public. Our present reality has gotten exceptionally spellbound by horror rates, expanded joblessness and poor social attachment. To lessen this difficult it is significant that we center around finding an answer for beat the reason as opposed to simply posing an inquiry 'how to stop this problem?'</p><p></p><p>There are an assortment of components which have made a difficult which causes wrongdoing. One of the principle purposes behind wrongdoing is the financial destruction of numerous countries around the globe. This prompts absence of business, which prompts wrongdoing. Another contributing component to wrongdoing is medicate use. In any case, shouldn't something be said about different components that add to making a problem?</p><p></p>& lt;p>It is exceptionally difficult to pinpoint the specific reasons with respect to why society is so isolated into two boundaries. Numerous social researchers accept that these two limits mirror the genuine issues in the public arena. The first is good rot and the second is the absence of virtues. Rundown of social issues in the public arena incorporates both of these components as they are regularly in concurrence with each other.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous boundaries and a large number of these limits lead to clashes which eventually prompts brutality and passing. To give some examples extraordinary finishes of society are socialism, Nazism, politically-sanctioned racial segregation, realism, pride, prejudice, sexism, pride, and so forth. Every one of these boundaries all alone have prompted a great deal of issues, for example, war, decimation, dread, prejudice, segregation, and so forth. Every one of these circumstances and end results have brough t about different social issues that make divisions between gatherings of people.</p><p></p><p>To completely grasp the degree of the issues brought about by these social issues, it is basic to investigate every one of these limits. Socialism, Nazism, politically-sanctioned racial segregation, and pride are for the most part outrageous perspectives on extraordinary perspectives. On account of socialism, numerous nations including the USSR and China have fell, numerous nations have encountered common wars and mass starvation, the absolute most impressive nations, for example, the USA, the UK, France, and Germany have either lost their freedom or will soon, and many are compelled to live under socialism. The final product has been an expansion in wrongdoing just as violence.</p><p></p><p>Nazism is a gathering of fanatics who accept that there ought to be one single country for the Germans, and in their eyes, they could never acknowledge s ome other country. Be that as it may, after World War II, most European nations had to join under a solitary nation, which prompted another political disappointment, and for this situation, the final product has been a progressing struggle. This outcomes in shocking viciousness that closes in death and war. Pride is an exceptionally extraordinary type of confidence, which expresses that everybody ought to be pleased with their ethnicity, culture, and nationality.</p><p></p><p>Some accuse the financial emergency for the crime percentage. In any case, despite the fact that, the economy is taking a secondary lounge, it despite everything stays a main consideration. To give you how powerful and why this rundown of social issues in the public eye has worked, a few nations that were the most quiet before the financial emergency were Thailand and South Korea. It very well may be seen from this that it isn't the monetary emergency alone that makes issues yet numerous different factors as well.</p>

Historicity in A Tree Grows in Brooklyn - Literature Essay Samples

In the novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Betty Smith sets the scene historically for what is to unfold through place, time references, events, and people. The book covers the time period 1912 – 1919, seven crucial years which completes the bridge or development from pre-teen to adulthood. History is linear; hence chronological. However, in this novel, Betty Smith starts in the middle retraces her steps to the beginning when Frances Nolan’s parents meet around 1900, and then proceeds from there until the end. History is not only factually based; it is an individual experience. Smith gives us history in the point of view of the protagonist, Frances Nolan who grows from a girl to a woman, living bitter and sweet experiences in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York. Smith employs politics, entertainment, places, inventions, and businesses to establish location in a historical context, in specific Williamsburg is the prime location from which the story issues; therefore, the centra l plot is based in this area in a crucial interval of history in the early 1900’s where America undergoes rapid changes. The climactic historical event in the entire novel is World War I (1914-1919) where presidents, politics, and war policies prevail. During WWI, Smith makes some poignant allusions through the characters to give a sense of what was unfolding and how the American public felt in time of war. President Woodrow Wilson is a political figure in this novel. He steers America through the tumultuous years of WWI. He tries to negotiate peace among warring countries; however, he is inevitably drawn into the conflict and on April 06, 1917, declares war (Howard 102). Elected twice, first on 1912 and again in 1916, the characters echo Wilson’s voice as they converse about political events and their hopes that America will be kept out of the war (Smith 312). Wilson even has a street in New York in homage to his name with America embattled in war against the Germans. One witnesses the general anti-German sentiments in America when the street name was changed from Hamburg Avenue to Wilson Avenu e (Smith 444). Two name changes in the novel reflects America’s inimical relationship with Germany and is a vegetable name swap and a German descendant’s decision to change his name. Sauerkraut’s modification to the Liberty Cabbage americanizes the vegetable and eliminates the former German name that it carried before. An individual stands before a judge of German heritage as well and affirms his decision to change his name officially from Schultz to Scott – a more American name (Smith 347). Scott makes this decision during WWI. Politics continue to be burning issue in the lives of New York’s residents during wartime and positions time in a definite framework. Patrick McCarren, a prominent Democratic New York politician, stimulated and urged the building of Williamsburg Bridge, historic because until 1924, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world. Patrick McCarren (1847-1909) who has left to his legacy a park titled McCarren Park. It was named in his honor in 1909 when he died and in 1910, the New York Board of Alderman, renovated and updated the park (McCarren Park). The park is a place where the children develop and spend many fun times during their childhood and teen years. Neeley picks flowers for his girlfriend in the park where tulips and willows grow. The entertainment industry is another time signifier which points an accurate finger to time development and history. Frances Nolan mentions her predilection for a theater show, War Brides, released in 1915, starring (Alla Nazimova) (Smith 409). Alla Nazimova was renowned for her role in the theatrical play on Broadway. This play was an American favorite and marked the springboard to her career. Ironically, this actress’ last name is a bold allusion to Nazi Germany against whom the Americans will be fighting in WWII. The term war bride is a term applied to married women who choose to marry soldier especially during WWI and WWII so the historical context, the play on Broadway, and the political life all harmonize. The mention of the entertainment industry on Broadway also helps put a finger on time’s location in the novel and in history as well. Frances recalls a moment when she visited a vaudeville house to see the French actress, Sarah Bernhardt (1844-1923) who had an amputated leg, was over 70, and yet continued acting and touring throughout America (Smith 409). This information is more than sufficient to give the reason a historic notion of time. Sarah Bernhardt had a series of falls during rehearsals and plays which affected her leg and which over time developed gangrene. By 1915 when Bernhardt was 71, she had to undergo an amputation procedure on her right leg (Arthur 151). Consequently, she was confined to the wheelchair for the rest of her life. She bravely makes an American tour and plays in New York theaters in 1917 (Arthur 154). Frances also mentions seeing â€Å"Galsworthy’s Justice in Broadway by Barrymore† (Smith 409). John Galsworthy (1867-1933) produced a play called Justice and the biography of John Barrymore (1882-1942) reports that he moved to New York in January 1917 to play in Galsworthy’s plays (Morrison 55). Charlie Chaplin is another actor whose silent movie films generated much publicity especially in 1914 in New York with his plays in the years leading up the WWI (Smith 409). Charles â€Å"Charlie † Chaplin was a British actor who produced many plays and travelled to America starting from 1910 (Chaplin 125). Chaplin was renowned for his slapstick humor and mime therefore it is not surprising that the Nolans are fans of his as well. Technological advancement awes Frances Nolan and other characters in A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. From the beginning of the 20th century, inventions were released and commercialized. This time marks America’s Post Modernist period where the industrial era meets the technology. Humanity’s scientific progress marches in tandem with Frances’ growth and maturity. As a bildungsroman novel, the story line highlights a character’s coming of age, extending from childhood to adulthood. America experiences the leaps and bounds in technology and the characters’ lives are touched by these. Frances Nolan comments on the inventions in her day such as airplanes, electricity, radio, the Williamsburg Bridge, the Greenpoint Hospital, and automobiles. Airplane was first coined in 1908 and air travel’s commercialization began in 1919. An understatement on the airplane’s discovery and rise is, â€Å"Airplanes, just a crazy fad, won’t last long† (Smith 347). Frances also mentions that gaslights are being phased out in favor of electricity. Even the tenants on Frances’ block are adapting to the electrifying improvements when landlords install electricity wire, a novelty for those living in the early 1900’s (Smith 399). Greenpoint Hospital opened to the public on October 1915 (New York State). The novel takes note of Greenpoint Hospital where Johnny Nolan dies, December 25, 1915 and where Katie bears her third child, Annie Laurie, born on May 28, 1916. The Williamsburg Bridge was under construction from 1896 and was completed in 1903 (New York Architecture). In this novel, the bridge is a central metaphor symbolizing the point of transition from one point to another. One observes the Williamsburg Bridge, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the chronological bridge. Frances has to commute via all three bridges in her life as she grows and moves from one point to the next (Smith 53). An exciting event for Brooklyn citizens is the procession in praise of Dr. Frederick Cook’s being the first man to reach the North Pole and to live to tell about it. Smith records the erupting cheers from the children and many other proud Americans shouting, â€Å"Hurray for Dr. Cook! Hurray for Brooklyn!† (Smith 194). Dr. Cook is a native Brooklyn-born American, as such, after his triumphant return from the North Pole on April 21, 1908. New York held a warm welcome-back parade for Dr. Cook involving a motorcade with flowers, banners, and medals. This high rejoicing took place on September 22, 1909 (Cook 17). The magical invention of the radio fascinated many Americans as it is described as â€Å"wireless, (the) greatest thing ever invented, words come through the air† (Smith 347). Radio was first called wireless telegraphy where information was transmitted via the American Radio and Research Company, broadcasting programs throughout the US since 1916. Another wireless system that was born during this technological explosion was the telephone also called wireless. By 1915, Bell ran his first telephone lines throughout the United States (Telephone History 1901-1940). Smith also refers to the growing prevalence of cars in America in the early 1900’s. Carmakers from Detroit export to New York such that common laborers can now own automobiles, the author prophetically observes that soon horses drawn carriages and horses as a means of transport would be a thing of the past (Smith 347). In another reference, the Castle Braid Company is a textile and hair factory where Katie Nolan and Hildy O’Dair work and eventually meet Johnny Nolan. The Castle Braid Company was a successful company in the 1800s to the early 1900’s until 1905 when the company became insolvent and filed for bankruptcy (White 437, 438). Castle Braid was a German-based company located on 552 Broadway, New York. This factory’s reference confirms historical truth since when the omniscient author revisits the 1900s when Johnny and Katie meet and fall in love and the factory is successful and in full operation (Smith 59). Through her use of actual historical detail, Smith increases credibility of the novel by interspersing historical references to important events, places, and people who help shape American History. Technology, politics, personalities, and infrastructure all help forge deeply historical connections which authenticate the drama and moves forward the plot. Against a well-defined historical backdrop, the characters in A Tree Grows in Brooklyn grow, live, and learn. Works Cited Arthur, George. Sarah Bernhardt. Obscure Press, 2006. Benardo, Leonard. Jennifer Weiss. Brooklyn by Name: How the Neighborhoods, Streets, Parks, Bridges and More. New York University Press, New York, 2006. Chaplin, Charlie. Kevin Hayes. Charlie Chaplin Interviews, University Press of Mississippi. Mississippi, 2005. Cook, Frederick Albert. Robert E. Peary. George W. Melville. Finding the North Pole. Lyons Press, Connecticut, 2003. Howard, Michael. The First World War. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. McCarren Park. Historical Sign. Morrison, Michael. John Barrymore: Shakespearean Actor. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 1997. New York Architecture Images. New York Bridges. New York State, State Board of Charities for the Year 1916. Annual Report of the State Board of Charities of the State of New York. Smith, Betty. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Harper Collins Publishers New York, New York, 2005. Telephone History 1901-1940. White, James Terry. National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Volume 14, Part 1. James T. White and Company, New York, 1910.